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Enkomi : Tomb 3
(Mixed Material, Collection)
Origin
Enkomi
, Cyprus, Late Cypriot II (c. 1450-1200 BC)
Other years/dates
Excavation date:
Excavated between June and July, 1930, by the Swedish Cyprus Expedition at the necropolis of Enkomi.
Acquisition date:
1934
Physical description
Dromos; 183 (length); 110 (width)
(width)
x 167
(depth/thickness)
cm
Stomion; 80
(height/length)
x 38 (length); 51 (width)
(width)
cm
Chamber; 185
(height/length)
x 382 (length); 308 (width)
(width)
cm
The dromos consists of a small, oval shaft widening towards the entrance. The black wall slopes obliquely, and a step is cut in its lower section to facilitate entering the chamber. The right-hand side is vertical and provided with a small cupboard, closed by a single stone. The opposite long side overhangs, so that the maximum width of the dromos is found at the bottom. The stomion, leading into the chamber, runs horizontally for a length of about 0.40 m. and then suddenly drops down to the level of the floor by a steep step. The chamber is approximately circular in shape with a large, oval niche, opening on to the right end of the back wall on a level with the floor. The niche is almost of the same size as the rest of the chamber, and therefore the whole tomb is 8-shaped. The floor slopes towards the back wall, and roof and walls form a flat vault, the apex of which is close to the stomion.
Format:
Non digital
Abstract
Above the level of the rock was a layer of earth, c. 1.80 m. deep, which had accumulated on the top of the tomb in later times, and all of which belonged to the Byzantine settlement. It shows a stratification similar to that mentioned in connection with Tomb 2. The same upper-floor level, covered by a thin layer of dark culture earth, containing coarse Byzantine pottery, was also traceable here. On top of the culture earth were two strata of red and yellow clay, emanating from decomposed, sun-dried bricks. To the earlier Byzantine period belonged a compact layer of stone and earth, which has evidently been the floor of a courtyard. It was covered to the depth of approx. 1.00 m. by horizontally stratified, architectural debris. From the level of this early Byzantine courtyard was dug a shaft, leading right down to the door stone of the tomb, which was found moved and turned back. The shaft contained a dark, loose earth mixed with charcoal and carbonized matter. It also contained some Late Cypriot potsherds. The original filling was found intact at the back of the dromos, and consisted of two layers of chavara. The lower one was moist and greenish, and to a great extent mixed with chonnos. Just below the step in the dromos was a small, wedge-shaped stratum of very hard chavara mixed with small stones. The intact portion of the filling shows that the tomb has been used for several burials, and the shaft in front of the door, with the moved door stone that the tomb has been entered and sacked in early Byzantine times. Some earth had fallen through the hole between the door stone and the front wall of the dromos, so that the remaining earth formed a vaulted arch preventing more earth from intruding. The stratification of the chamber comprised: 1) A thin, horizontal layer of brown silted clay. 2) A compact layer of rock debris, covering most of the chamber except the area close to the back wall of the niche. 3) A mixture of chavara, clay, and culture earth spread over the whole chamber. It contained skeletal remains and fragmentary tomb-gifts. 4) A very thick layer of moist clay mixed with culture earth, containing the bulk of the finds. 5) A seemingly intact burial stratum, containing finds and mouldered skeletons. It was covered by a layer of sand, and was limited to the innermost corner of the niche. The history of the tomb is easily traceable from the stratification. After the plundering in Byzantine times – represented by the Layers 3 and 4 – the roof has partly collapsed (Layer 2), and the debris has gradually been covered over by clay and water, which have poured in through the door (Layer 1). To judge from the abundant finds still left in the tomb, the robbers had worked superficially, but with a frightfully destructive effect. Only a very small section of the tomb (Layer 5) had escaped ransacking. The thin layer of sand, covering this stratum, shows that originally there had been at least two separate burial layers in the tomb. The large amount of finds and their high quality prove that the tomb once was very rich, and contained many bodies.
Contents
All the skeletal material was either scattered in layers 3 or 4, or mouldered; nothing can be said therefore about burial customs. To judge from the fragments of bones found, at least fifteen persons had been buried in the tomb.
Literature
SCE I, Enkomi 3.
Andersson, K, 'Supplementary Material from Enkomi Tombs 3, 7, 11 and 18 s.c.', MedMusB 15, 1980, 25-40.
Related records in Alvin
See specifically described parts (1)
Host:
Svenska Cypernexpeditionen : 1927-1931
Host:
Antiksamlingen i Uppsala
Subject, topics
Klassisk arkeologi
(sao)
Arkeologiska samlingar
(sao)
Subject, places
Enkomi
Location
Museum Gustavianum, historic collections
Akademigatan 3
753 10 Uppsala
Identifiers (general)
urn:nbn:se:alvin:portal:record-144641
(nbn)
Identifiers (local)
alvin-record:144641
(alvin)
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Link to record
Permanent link
http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:alvin:portal:record-144641
Direct link
https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?pid=alvin-record:144641
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Alvin is a platform where digitized cultural heritage and digital collections are preserved and made available, as well as a catalogue of materials not yet digitized.
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